Where do random effects come from?
These notes are from a lecture I’ve given a version of a few times now (at ICPSR and UK). Basically, random effects are latent variables that can be directly estimated in a linear model and need to be approximated in…
Making Informed Choices on Fixed, Random, and Mixed Effects Models
A while back I gave a few guest lectures on multilevel and panel data modeling in an advanced econometrics class. One lecture in that I enjoyed giving was on the differences between fixed, random, and mixed effects models and the ways…